Wilson, in 1983 published on the use of laparoscopy to evaluate the reproductive tract of mares using a single trocar technique and a laparoscope alone for diagnostics, or an operating laparoscope for biopsies or manipulations. Witherspoon et al., in 1980, reviewed the current uses of laparoscopy or sous, and recommended the use of either a rigid or flexible endoscope and dual trocar techniques to allow surgical manipulation. In the 1980s, there were 4 papers published regarding equine laparoscopy. Heinze et al., from Germany also published two papers in the 1970s on equine laparoscopy. Witherspoon and McQueen also published on the development of an equine peritoneal fistula device which was in essence a cannula. In 1970, Witherspoon and Talbot published 2 papers on the use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic tool to describe population events in the mare. Veterinary laparoscopy began much like the use of laparoscopy and people, in the field of gynecology. In the mid-1980s the video computer chip allowed laparoscopy to become integrated into general surgery. The automatic insufflator was developed in 1977 by Semm, further improving the safety margin of laparoscopy. In the 1960s and 1970s, laparoscopy became an important part of gynecologic practice in people. Cold light for classroom nation was developed in the early 1950s, reducing the possibilities of thermal burns during lab discomfort procedures. Fervers, performed adhesiolysis and diagnostic biopsies of abdominal organs. In 1935, Kalk wrote: “This method really does not deserve the widespread opposition that still exists today, normally based on total ignorance….” The first laparoscopic interventions were described in the 1930's. Kalk used a 135° forward viewing lens system and a dual trocar technique to simultaneously pass instruments into the abdomen. Later, Zollikofer used carbon dioxide to obtain pneumoperitoneum, which reduced pain and thermal complications. The patients had conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver, metastatic cancer, and tuberculosis peritonitis. Jakobaeus described 109 laparoscopys on 69 patients in 1912. For insufflation he used sterile filtered oxygen and a cystoscope to look at the peritoneal cavity of liue dogs. George Kelling, in 1901, provided the 1st attempt at endoscopy of the peritoneal cavity. Thermal injuries were the greatest concern to the structures being evaluated. In the mid-1800's Desormeaux developed a burner that used alcohol and turpentine on a WIC for illumination using open to endoscopy. The next reports were in the early 1800s where Bozzini used a mirror, illuminated by a wax candle, to examine the urethra. The first reported use of reflected light to examine the cervix was by the Arabian physician Albukasim (936–1013 A.D.). In summary, we are the benefactors of all the work that has gone before us. A recent review by Spaner and Warnock describes the history of human endoscopy, laparoscopy, and laparoscopic surgery in detail. Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy are endoscopic surgical techniques performed in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, respectively.
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